Based on the provided articles, there is substantial evidence that moderate coffee consumption (around 3-4 cups per day) can be beneficial for health. Here are the key points:
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12 Many studies suggest coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, liver disease, and certain cancers.
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345 The beneficial effects are attributed to coffee's rich phytochemistry, including antioxidants like chlorogenic acids, caffeic acid, and polyphenols, which can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and activate cellular defense mechanisms.
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678 Coffee intake is linked to improved liver enzyme levels, reduced risk of cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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91011 Quantitative Data: Drinking 3-4 cups of filtered coffee per day (providing 300-400mg caffeine) is considered safe and provides the most robust health benefits for most adults.
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1213 While most evidence comes from observational studies, the potential benefits of moderate coffee intake appear to outweigh the risks for most people.
However, 14 some researchers argue that the observational studies may not adequately control for confounding factors, and 15 excessive intake during pregnancy should be avoided. Overall, the consensus from the provided articles suggests that moderate, unsweetened coffee consumption can be part of a healthy diet for most adults.